Albrecht von Wallenstein in the Thirty Years War

Born at Heà ¸manice, Bohemia on September 24, 1583, Albrecht von Wallenstein was the son of a minor noble family. Initially raised as a Protestant by his parents, he was sent to a Jesuit school in Olmà ¼tz by his uncle after their death. While at Olmà ¼tz he professed to convert to Catholicism, though he subsequently attended the Lutheran University of Altdorf in 1599. Following additional schooling at Bologna and Padua, von Wallenstein joined the army of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Fighting against the Ottomans and Hungarian rebels, he was commended for his service at the siege of Gran. Rise to Power Returning home to Bohemia, he married the wealthy widow Lucretia Nikossie von Landeck. Inheriting her fortune and estates in Moravia upon her death in 1614, von Wallenstein used it buy influence. After splendidly fitting out a company of 200 cavalries, he presented it to Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for use in fighting the Venetians. In 1617, von Wallenstein married Isabella Katharina. The couple had two children, though only one, a daughter, survived infancy. With the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618, von Wallenstein declared his support for the Imperial cause. Forced to flee his lands in Moravia, he brought the provinces treasury to Vienna. Equipping a regiment of cuirassiers, von Wallenstein joined the army of Karel Bonaventura Buquoy and saw service against the Protestant armies of Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel Bethlen. Winning notice as a brilliant commander, von Wallenstein was able to recover his lands after the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. He also benefited from the favoritism of Ferdinand who had ascended to post of Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. The Emperors Commander Through the emperor, von Wallenstein was able to acquire the large estates that had belonged to his mothers family as well as purchased huge tracts of confiscated land. Adding these to his holdings, he reorganized the territory and named it Friedland. In addition, military successes brought titles with the emperor making him an imperial count palatine in 1622, and a prince a year later. With the entry of the Danes into the conflict, Ferdinand found himself without an army under his control to oppose them.  While the army of the Catholic League was in the field, it belonged to Maximilian of Bavaria. Seizing the opportunity, von Wallenstein approached the emperor in 1625 and offered to raise an entire army on his behalf. Elevated to Duke of Friedland, von Wallenstein initially assembled a force of 30,000 men. On April 25, 1626, von Wallenstein and his new army defeated a force under Mansfield at the Battle of Dessau Bridge. Operating in conjunction with the Count of Tillys Catholic League Army, von Wallenstein campaigned against Mansfeld and Bethlan. In 1627, his army swept through Silesia clearing it of Protestant forces. In the wake of this victory, he purchased the Duchy of Sagan from the emperor. The next year, von Wallensteins army moved into Mecklenburg in support of Tillys efforts against the Danes. Named Duke of Mecklenburg for his services, von Wallenstein was frustrated when his siege of Stralsund failed, denying him access to the Baltic and the ability to confront Sweden and the Netherlands at sea. He was further distressed when Ferdinand announced the Edict of Restitution in 1629. This called for the return of several principalities to Imperial control and the conversion of their inhabitants to Catholicism. Though von Wallenstein personally opposed the edict, he began moving his 134,000-man army to enforce it, angering many of the German princes. This was hampered by the intervention of Sweden and the arrival of its army under the gifted leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus. In 1630, Ferdinand called a meeting of the electors at Regensburg with the goal of having his son voted as his successor. Angered by von Wallensteins arrogance and actions, the princes, led by Maximilian, demanded the commanders removal in exchange for their votes. Ferdinand agreed and riders were sent to inform von Wallenstein of his fate. Return to Power Turning his army over to Tilly, he retired to Jitschin in Friedland. While he lived on his estates, the war went badly for the emperor as the Swedes crushed Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631. The following April, Tilly was defeated at killed at Rain. With the Swedes in Munich and occupying Bohemia, Ferdinand recalled von Wallenstein. Returning to duty, he swiftly raised a new army and cleared the Saxons from Bohemia. After defeating the Swedes at Alte Veste, he encountered Gustavus Adolphus army at Là ¼tzen in November 1632. In the battle that ensued, von Wallensteins army was defeated but Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Much to the emperors dismay, von Wallenstein did not exploit the kings death but rather retreated into winter quarters. When the campaign season began in 1633, von Wallenstein mystified his superiors by avoiding confrontations with the Protestants. This was largely due to his anger over the Edict of Restitution and his beginning secret negotiations with Saxony, Sweden, Brandenburg, and France to end the war. While little is known regarding the talks, he claimed to be seeking a just peace for a unified Germany. Downfall While von Wallenstein worked to stay loyal to the emperor, it is clear that he was seeking to aggrandize his own power. As the talks flagged, he sought to reassert his power by finally going on the offensive. Attacking the Swedes and Saxons, he won his final victory at Steinau in October 1633. After von Wallenstein moved to winter quarters around Pilsen, news of the secret talks reached the emperor in Vienna. Moving quickly, Ferdinand had a secret court find him guilty of treason and signed a patent removing from command on January 24, 1634. This was followed by an open patent charging him with treason which was published in Prague on February 23. Realizing the danger, von Wallenstein rode from Pilsen to Eger with the goal of meeting with the Swedes. Two nights after arriving, a plot was put into motion to eliminate the general. Scots and Irish dragoons from von Wallensteins army seized and killed many of his senior officers, while a small force, led by Walter Devereux, killed the general in his bedroom. Selected Sources Albrecht von WallensteinNNDB: Albrecht von WallensteinThirty Years War

Is College Worth A College - 1254 Words

Throughout the USA college tuition has increased drastically; in the last five years Georgia colleges have had 75% increase along with other states such as Arizona whose tuition has increased by 77% (NPR). Since 2006 the tuition in Utah has increased by 62.8% and is rising throughout the U.S. (Desert News). Between 1885-2016 the price of college has increased between 2.1% to 4.3% per year beyond inflation (CollegeBoard). Through calculations, that equates to about a hundred precent increase since 1885. It’s no secret that college tuition has skyrocketed, increasing student debt and leaving prospective students to ask â€Å"Is College Worth It?† college education is beneficial in that it teaches students valuable life lessons in responsibility, prepares students to enter the workforce and can be relatively inexpensive. The eduction is â€Å"college education† is worth every penny but America has created clichà ©s to define the college experience which are expensi ve and unnecessary. In a radical new world a college education is required in many high paying jobs, which leads to the question â€Å"Is the experience of college all it is built up to be?† Through recent research, many articles and news mention about the value of higher education seem to only take account of is the financial aspect. A college education is worth what one makes it and is an investment in a future and in one’s self. The purpose of college the education is to be prepared to go into a the workforce having gained theShow MoreRelatedIs College Worth It?923 Words   |  4 PagesThe question here is, is college worth it? Many people question this especially high school students who are about to graduate. This debate is still taking place today. The common misunderstood saying is, if you have a degree you will then have a good job. But this is not the case because in today’s society there are so many people with degrees who still cannot find a job. 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The Chicano And Black Civil Rights Movement - 1610 Words

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Hackers raid eBay in the historic breach - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Hackers raid eBay in the historic breach. Answer: The attack on eBay was a result of Cyber attack. Cyber attack is an intended exploitation of systems, networks and technology dependant enterprises (Turban et al., 2015). It uses malicious codes to change the logic, data or the computer codes that lead to disruptive consequences. It results into cybercrimes which poses compromising of data such as information theft or identity theft. The attackers had stolen the information such as email addresses, encrypted passwords, birth dates and other related information of the companys users. It was later found that the hackers used employee credentials which were an easy method to hack the system (Finkle, 2014). eBay is a multinational e-commerce operating corporation. It was established in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. It is headquartered at San Jose, California, U.S. It provides consumer to consumer and business to consumer sales service through website (Schultz Block, 2015). The company operates eBay.com, online auction and a shopping website where people and business can buy and sell varieties of products and services. Other than this, it includes services like online ticket trading of events and money transfer services. Security life cycle model follows the process of identifying, assessing, protecting and monitoring the system. This helps the organization keep its system improving and changing with time towards more secured networks. However, this model can be useful to avoid cyber threats by continual monitoring and implementing strategies to overcome with the help of implemented policy and standards. These policy and standards are needed to evaluate and configure the resources. In the above case, the companys security was attacked using employee credentials. The companys user information was hacked by unknown hackers using the employee information. This had lead to the users of eBay to a threat of getting their personal information stolen. The company had to compromise over a huge number of information. In addition, they asked their users to change their passwords for eBay as well for other sites in order to be in the safer side (Hackers steal up to 145 million user records in massive eBay breach, 2014). Therefore, the customer had to only change their password and secure their account and be aware of the emails that can be fraud to ask for personal details which is not to be forwarded. After visiting the e-commerce site of eBay I found that the site asked for name, shipping address, email address, contact number and birth date to register and make an account by securing it with a strong password of least 8 characters. Then further while proceeding towards purchasing the products or simply exchanging funds with the company it asked for account details to make the payment, according to me it looked secured at first impression as it allows only PayPal and debit/credit cards to exchange funds (Ksiezopolski, Wierzbicki Rusinek, 2014). But I found one thing insecure that was to save the cards in the account for future purchase. However, this was optional. Reference Finkle, J. (2014). Hackers raid eBay in historic breach, access 145 million records. uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018, fromhttps://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ebay-password/hackers-raid-ebay-in-historic-breach-access-145-million-records-idUKKBN0E10ZL20140522 Ksiezopolski, B., Wierzbicki, A., Rusinek, D. (2014). On the Modelling of the Computer Security Impact on the Reputation Systems. InInformation and Communication Technology-EurAsia Conference(pp. 526-531). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Schultz, D. E., Block, M. P. (2015). US online shopping: Facts, fiction, hopes and dreams.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,23, 99-106. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J. K., Liang, T. P., Turban, D. C. (2015). E-Commerce Security and Fraud Issues and Protections. InElectronic Commerce(pp. 457-518). Springer, Cham.